Neuro

Cerebrum

Reading Time:

Overview


The brain (contained by the neurocranium) is composed of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. When the calvaria and dura are removed, gyri (folds), sulci (grooves), and fissures (clefts) of the cerebral cortex are visible through the delicate arachnoid–pia layer. Whereas the gyri and sulci demonstrate much variation, the other features of the brain, including overall brain size, are remarkably con- sistent from individual to individual.

The cerebrum includes the cerebral hemispheres and basal ganglia. The cerebral hemispheres, separated by the falx cerebri within the longitudinal cerebral fissure, are the dominant features of the brain. Each cerebral hemisphere is divided for descriptive purposes into four lobes, each of which is related to, but the boundaries of which do not correspond to, the overlying bones of the same name. From a superior view, the cerebrum is essentially divided into quarters by the median longitudinal cerebral fissure and the coronal central sulcus. The central sulcus separates the frontal lobes (anteriorly) from the parietal lobes (posteriorly). In a lateral view, these lobes lie superior to the transverse lateral sulcus and the temporal lobe inferior to it. The posteriorly placed occipital lobes are separated from the parietal and temporal lobes by the plane of the parieto-occipital sulcus, visible on the medial surface of the cerebrum in a hemisected brain.

The anteriormost points of the anteriorly projecting frontal and temporal lobes are the frontal and temporal poles. The posteriormost point of the posteriorly project- ing occipital lobe is the occipital pole. The hemispheres occupy the entire supratentorial cranial cavity. The frontal lobes occupy the anterior cranial fossae, the temporal lobes occupy the lateral parts of the middle cranial fossae, and the occipital lobes extend posteriorly over the tentorium cerebelli.

The diencephalon is composed of the epithalamus, dorsal thalamus, and hypothalamus and forms the central core of the brain.


Gross Anatomy


Internal Structure

The cerebrum is comprised of two different types of tissue – grey matter and white matter:

Grey matter forms the surface of each cerebral hemisphere (known as the cerebral cortex), and is associated with processing and cognition.
White matter forms the bulk of the deeper parts of the brain. It consists of glial cells and myelinated axons that connect the various grey matter areas.
External Structure

Externally, the cerebrum has a highly convoluted appearance, consisting of sulci (grooves or depressions) and gyri (ridges or elevations). It is divided into two anatomically symmetrical hemispheres by the longitudinal fissure – a major sulcus that runs in the median sagittal plane. The falx cerebri (a fold of dura mater) descends vertically to fill this fissure. The two cerebral hemispheres are connected by a white matter structure, called the corpus callosum.

The cerebral cortex is classified into four lobes, according to the name of the corresponding cranial bone that approximately overlies each part. Each lobe contains various cortical association areas – where information from different modalities are collated for processing. Together, these areas function to give us a meaningful perceptual interpretation and experience of our surrounding environment.

Frontal Lobe
The frontal lobe is located beneath the frontal bone of the calvaria and is the most anterior region of the cerebrum. It is separated from the parietal lobe posteriorly by the central sulcus and from the temporal lobe inferoposteriorly by the lateral sulcus.
The association areas of the frontal lobe are responsible for: higher intellect, personality, mood, social conduct and language (dominant hemisphere side only).

Parietal Lobe
The parietal lobe is found below the parietal bone of the calvaria, between the frontal lobe anteriorly and the occipital lobe posteriorly, from which it is separated by the central sulcus and parieto-occipital sulcus, respectively. It sits superiorly in relation to the temporal lobe, being separated by the lateral sulcus.
Its cortical association areas contribute to the control of: language and calculation on the dominant hemisphere side, and visuospatial functions (e.g. 2-point discrimination) on the non-dominant hemisphere side.

Temporal Lobe
The temporal lobe sits beneath the temporal bone of the calvaria, inferior to the frontal and parietal lobes, from which it is separated by the lateral sulcus.
The cortical association areas of the temporal lobe are accountable for memory and language – this includes hearing as it is the location of the primary auditory cortex.

Occipital Lobe
The occipital lobe is the most posterior part of the cerebrum situated below the occipital bone of the calvaria. Its inferior aspect rests upon the tentorium cerebelli, which segregates the cerebrum from the cerebellum. The parieto-occipital sulcus separates the occipital lobe from the parietal and temporal lobes anteriorly.
The primary visual cortex (V1) is located within the occipital lobe and hence its cortical association area is responsible for vision.

Blood Supply
The blood supply to the cerebrum can be simply classified into 3 distinct paired arterial branches:

Anterior Cerebral Arteries – branches of internal carotid arteries, supplying the anteromedial aspect of the cerebrum.
Middle Cerebral Arteries – continuation of internal carotid arteries, supplying most of the lateral portions of the cerebrum.
Posterior Cerebral Arteries – branches of the basilar arteries, supplying both the medial and lateral sides of the cerebrum posteriorly.
Veins - venous drainage of the cerebrum is via a network of small cerebral veins. These vessels empty into the dural venous sinuses – endothelial lined spaces between the outer and inner layers of dura mater.

Clinical Anatomy


Stroke
A stroke of cerebrovascular event/accident (CVE/A) is defined clinically as “an abrupt loss of focal brain function lasting more than 24 hours due to either spontaneous haemorrhage into brain substance or inadequate blood supply to part of the brain i.e. ischaemia (thrombosis, embolism)“.

Damage to the cerebrum in a stroke can give rise to a range of clinical signs depending on the territory of the blood supply affected:
Frontal lobe – a diverse range of presentations, often personality and behavioural changes occur and an inability to solve problems develops.
Parietal lobe – typically presents with attention deficits e.g. contralateral hemispatial neglect syndrome: where the patient does not pay attention to the side of the body opposite to the lesion.
Temporal lobe – presents with recognition deficits (agnosias) e.g. auditory agnosia: patient cannot recognise basic sounds, prosopagnosia: failure to recognise faces.
Occipital lobe – visual field defects: contralateral hemianopia or quadrantanopia with macular sparing.
Global lesions – severe cognitive deficits (dementia), patients cannot answer simple questions such as their name, today’s date, where they are etc.

Quick Anatomy


Key Facts

The cerebrum is divided into four lobes each with related sulk and gyri.

The main sulci are:
Central sulcus – groove separating the frontal and parietal lobes.
Lateral sulcus – groove separating the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe.
Lunate sulcus – groove located in the occipital cortex.

The main gyri are:
Precentral gyrus – ridge directly anterior to central sulcus, location of primary motor cortex.
Postcentral gyrus – ridge directly posterior to central sulcus, location of primary somatosensory cortex.
Superior temporal gyrus – ridge located inferior to lateral sulcus, responsible for the reception and processing of sound.

The blood supply to the different areas is affected in stroke and the territory supplied dictates symptoms.

Aide-Memoire

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, sapien platea morbi dolor lacus nunc, nunc ullamcorper. Felis aliquet egestas vitae, nibh ante quis quis dolor sed mauris.

Summary


Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, sapien platea morbi dolor lacus nunc, nunc ullamcorper. Felis aliquet egestas vitae, nibh ante quis quis dolor sed mauris.

References


Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, sapien platea morbi dolor lacus nunc, nunc ullamcorper. Felis aliquet egestas vitae, nibh ante quis quis dolor sed mauris.